For how Trump has been acting like an emperor, click here. For discussion of the Baby Boomers’ role in promoting selfishness as a nation norm, click here. For the national nightmare likely to ensue if we can’t dis-elect Trump, click here. For reasons why we should task Los Alamos with making nuclear energy safe, click here. For a review of Pete Buttigieg’s good qualities and his prospects for vice-president, click here. For a brief review of the second and anticlimactic Detroit debate, click here. For a morning-after view of the first Dem Detroit Debate, click here. For initial reaction to the first Detroit debate, including criticism of CNN, click here. For a discussion of how the US can arrest its decline by rebuilding its labor unions online, click here. For suggestions how to fix, not trash, America by adjusting corporate law, click here. For what we can learn from the strong third-party candidacy of Ross Perot, who died recently, click here. For brief analysis of the House’s censure of the President, click here. For reasons not to watch Trump’s empty shows, click here. For an analysis of reparations for the descendants of slaves, click here. For brief descriptions of and links to recent posts, click here. For an inverse-chronological list with links to all posts after January 23, 2017, click here. For a subject-matter index to posts before that date, click here.
1. The Business Roundtable’s resolution
2. The killing of Eric Garner
Amidst the lies and trivia that emerge from our White House daily, two positive
real developments made the news today. The Business Roundtable, a conclave of CEOs of big companies, adopted a resolution that things besides shareholders matter. And the Commissioner of the NYPD fired the cop responsible for the death of Eric Garner, after five years, thereby
suggesting that black lives
may matter at last.
So a good day, yes, especially in these dismal times? Not so fast.
As always, details matter. Analyzed in detail, the Business Roundtable’s resolution utterly missed the point. It’s Wall Street—not corporate law or some views in business-school syllabi—that still makes our big corporations focus obsessively on shareholders and on “monetizing” everything in sight. Top CEOs may subscribe to all the words they wish, but those words won’t matter if they continue dancing to Wall Street’s tune.
As for the Garner case, the apologetic rationale for the belated firing, and the nationwide five-year political brouhaha the case prompted, show how far we have to go to achieve civilized policing. Let’s analyze.
1. The Business Roundtable’s resolution. The Business Roundtable is a kind of chamber of commerce for our nation’s biggest and most important corporations. You might call it the “Oligarchs’ Society.” On Monday it released a
one-page statement, signed
on behalf of 181 of its 192 corporate members, acknowledging the importance of corporate stakeholders beyond shareholders. It specifically mentioned customers, employees, suppliers and communities, ending with strong support for “long-term value for shareholders.”
As one CEO cynically noted, the resolution just states the obvious. If you don’t have customers, you don’t have a business. Ditto employees and suppliers. Algorithms can’t do everything
yet, so you need people to get things done, even if they’re in China. If you can’t get parts for your products or products for your services, you can’t produce anything. So of course suppliers matter. You can squeeze them for every every drop of blood, as Wal Mart reportedly does its suppliers, but if they go belly up, you’ll have a headache.
So from a practical perspective, the resolution didn’t say much. What’s new, if anything, is in the details and the notion of serving “communities.” For employees, the resolution proposes “compensating them fairly and providing important benefits . . . [,] supporting them through training and education that help develop new skills[,]” and “foster[ing] diversity and inclusion, dignity and respect.” For communities, the resolution promises “respect” and “protect[ing] the environment by embracing sustainable practices across our businesses.”
Perhaps the key phrase in the entire resolution is “long-term.” The very last stakeholder point promises “[g]enerating
long-term value for shareholders[.]” (emphasis added). Things like supporting employees’ training and education, fostering diversity and inclusion, and embracing sustainable practices may cost money in the short run and decrease profit. But in the long run, they will increase the business’ chance of surviving continuous change and may indeed increase the bottom line. That’s what Henry Ford apparently thought in 1914, when he unilaterally increased his workers’ pay to the then-unheard-of level of $5 per day, thereby creating our consumer society by letting workers afford to buy the cars they made.
So were the top CEOs just giving us all a Cliff-Notes summary of good business practices? Probably not. They might have been trying to fend off a presidency of Elizabeth Warren or Bernie Sanders, which might make them do some of these good things whether they like to or not. Perhaps the oligarchs were just engaging in a bit of corporate PR at a time when their firms are under siege for unethical behavior, “fake” news, privacy violations, and supporting Trump just because he lowers their taxes and doesn’t mess with them (except with tariffs).
The curious thing is that the CEOs’ resolution didn’t even touch on the question underlying most corporate behavior today: who’s
stopping them? What’s keeping them from running their business as they chose, treating their customers, employees and suppliers fairly, benefiting their communities, and serving shareholders only in the long term?
At one time,
corporate law seemed to create a barrier. A notorious decision by the Michigan Supreme Court early in the twentieth century forced Ford Motor Company to pay dividends, rather than accumulate Ford’s enormous profits for later investment. Its rationale was that corporations exist to make money for shareholders, and that is their primary, if not their only, purpose.
But corporate law has changed radically since that decision early in the last century. Today most big corporations observe the corporate law of Delaware, where they are incorporated. That law has a “business judgment rule,” which upholds any corporate decision not involving self-dealing or “bad faith.” Even stupid or negligent decisions have no legal recourse, at least not by shareholders.
In an
earlier essay, I threw some blame on America’s unique business schools, which have more students, power and prestige, by far, than any other country’s. (The only institution abroad that comes even close is INSEAD, which serves all of Europe, Asia and the Middle East, not just one country.) Although their attitude is changing now, in the recent past these schools, like the misguided Michigan case, emphasized making profits for shareholders and, in the digital world, “monetizing” everything in sight as the best means to that end.
But the top CEOs in the Business Roundtable are hardly business-school students. If they went to business school at all, they’ve long since graduated. Most have multi-year, if not multi-decade, business experience, during which they’ve developed their own ideas, through hard experience, about what works and what doesn’t. So the notion that business-school professors’ views constrain CEOs to do the wrong thing despite their own experience is overblown.
Is there anything that
does constrain CEOs to build their lives around profit? Yes, there is. It’s Wall Street.
Not only does Wall Street treat profit as the be-all and end-all of financial reporting. It takes a relentlessly short-term approach. Sure, your approach to customers, employees and sustainability may have enormous long-term potential. But if it causes your profit to dip in meantime, so will your stock price, your CEO’s pay and retirement package, and your reputation in the business community. Your chances of getting investment or financing will go down, and your interest rates for loans will go up. All this happens nearly instantaneously, in our high-frequency-trading society, as soon as a negative earnings report comes out.
As befits our Twitter-driven, twenty-four hour news cycle, most equity options run less than a year. Only
in 1990 did Wall Street create LEAP options with nominal two-year terms, which can sometimes run up to three years. In contrast, China governs its economy with five-year plans. That may explain its catching up with the West in a little over two generations since Mao died and China began state capitalism.
So the Business Roundtable’s much-vaunted resolution of principle won’t change much, if anything, in practice. It has no influence on the law, and anyway the law has changed. It might influence business-school professors, but their views were changing anyway, and they have little effect on day-to-day business practice.
As for Wall Street, the resolution will have next to zero effect on its formalized and relentless focus on profits for shareholders, or on monetizing whatever can be monetized. Only serious changes in regulatory law or investment practice might have that effect, for example (
as I have suggested) by raising the holding period for tax breaks on capital gains from one year to five.
2. The killing of Eric Garner. Five years after Eric Garner lay helpless on the ground, crying repeatedly “I can’t breathe” and ultimately dying in a “forbidden” chokehold, the policeman who killed him was fired. Garner’s “crime” had been
suspicion of selling individual cigarettes.
I learned the same chokehold in a self-defense course when I was a kid. Your ability to knock out, or to kill, the victim depends on the precise position of your thumb knuckle with respect to the victim’s airway and jugular vein. The nature of the chokehold makes it impossible for any observer to see exactly what you’re doing. Only the victim knows for sure; and if the victim is out cold or dead, he can’t say.
So in the killer’s case there was a lot for lawyers to argue about after the fact. But there’s no argument that Garner warned the officer, repeatedly, that he couldn’t breathe. It’s on
the video.
The video also shows something else. The police waited until five of them had gathered around before they brought Garner down. He seemed upset when accused, but he didn’t seem to offer much resistance when toppled. Garner was a big, heavy guy, but he was also middle aged (43) and pretty obviously out of shape, maybe due to his diabetes. By the time the two-plus minute video ended, there seemed to be at least seven uniformed or undercover policemen around him.
I’m from the West. I’ve seen coyotes team-kill a rabbit. Even
they don’t gang up
that much; the most I’ve seen in a kill is four. It was hard to watch officers of the law treat a man worse than coyotes treat their next meal. And if you believe the voices on the video, Garner’s only real offense was having broken up a fight before the video began.
So the killer was fired from the police force. All’s well that ends well, right?
Not hardly. Two federal administrations (Obama’s and Trump’s) considered prosecuting this case as a federal civil-rights violation and didn’t. Instead of dealing with the appalling facts of this individual case, our legal authorities and our media turned it into political Armageddon between the Thin Blue Line and the Black Lives Matter movement. Everyone took sides like kids picking teams on a soccer field, before knowing much about the case.
Even the Police Commissioner, explaining his decision to fire the killer,
made the following near-apology:
”Cops have to make choices, sometimes very quickly. . . . Those decisions are scrutinized and second-guessed, both fairly and unfairly. . . . I can tell you that had I been in [the officer’s] situation, I may have made similar mistakes.”
But here’s the thing. Garner was unarmed. No one ever even
claimed he had a weapon. When weapons aren’t involved, you don’t have to act “very quickly,” let alone with a 43-year old, out of shape diabetic with asthma surrounded by five officers.
In this particular case, the “Thin Blue Line” defense was and is a travesty. It’s not a crime to be big and black.
Whenever I analyze a situation involving race, I use a special method to suppress my own bias: I paint the victim white. Not literally, of course—without changing any fact or detail of the case, I just imagine that the victim were white. When I do that in Garner’s case, I can’t imagine any other result than hell to pay not just for the killer, but for the whole team that perpetrated this travesty of law enforcement. I see a whole report analyzing and condemning policing people as coyotes prey on rabbits, and reorganizing the force to stop that practice.
As for me, I would rather have a thousand Eric Garners selling cigarettes in my town (and I
hate cigarettes: they killed both my parents), than see the kind of policing I saw on that video. It makes me think of Nazi Germany or somewhere behind the Iron Curtain at the height of the Cold War.
* * *
So, yes, it’s hard to spin the Business Roundtable’s resolution or the firing of Garner’s killer as anything other than a bit of good news. But don’t make too much of them. Our oligarchs, who
increasingly govern our daily lives more completely than our pols, still have a long way to go to give us the rights our Bill of Rights gives us against government. And our police departments still have a long way to go to police us in peaceful, civilized ways that are routine in England and much of Europe. So rejoice when a changed wind brings good news, but don’t ever get complacent.
Links to Popular Recent Posts
For how Trump has been acting like an emperor, click here.
For discussion of the Baby Boomers’ role in promoting selfishness as a nation norm, click here.
For the national nightmare likely to ensue if we can’t dis-elect Trump, click here.
For reasons to task Los Alamos with making nuclear energy safe, click here.
For a review of Pete Buttigieg’s qualities and prospects for vice-president, click here.
For a critique of the Dems’ anticlimactic second debate in Detroit, click here.
For a morning-after view of the Dems’ first Detroit debate, click here.
For an analysis CNN’s role in privatizing the news and history of the first Detroit Dem debate, click here.
For an intital reaction to the first Dem Detroit debate, click here.
For a discussion of the importance of labor unions and how to rebuild them online, click here.
For a recipe for fixing America by adjustment, without revolution or extremism, click here.
For what we can learn from the strong third-party candidacy of Ross Perot, who died recently, click here.
For brief analysis of the House’s resolution censuring the President, click here.
For good reasons not to watch Trump’s empty shows, click here.
For a discussion about reparations for the descendants of slaves and how to make the reparations work, click here.
For three things the Dems must do to win the White House, click here.
For an assessment of how the second debate propels the Dems toward losing, click here.
For suggestions on how to improve multi-candidate debates, click here.
For a more general discussion of how to improve debates, click here.
For a review of the first Democratic Debate, click here.
For a third, simpler look at why Trump won in 2016, click here.
For seven reasons not to make war on Iran, click here.
For discussion of Warren’s ability to defend science, and why it matters, click here.
For comment on the quality of Elizabeth Warren’s mind and its relevance to our current circumstances, click here.
For analysis of the disastrous effect of our leaders’ failure to take personal responsibility, click here.
For brief comment on China’s Tiananmen Square Massacre and its significance for our species, click here.
For reasons why the Democratic House should pass a big infrastructure bill ASAP, click here.
For an analysis why Nancy Pelosi is right on impeachment, click here.
For an explanation how demagoguing the issue of abortion has ruined our national politics and brought us our two worst presidents, and how we could recover, click here.
For analysis of the Huawei Tech Block and its necessity for maintaining our innovative infrastructure, click here.
For ten reasons, besides global warming, to dump oil as a fuel for ground transportation, click here.
For discussion why we must cooperate with China and how we can compete successfully with China, click here.
For reasons why Trump’s haphazard trade war will not win the competition with China, click here.
For a deeper discussion of how badly we Americans have failed to plan our future, click here.
For an essay on Elizabeth Warren’s qualifications for the presidency, click here.
For comment on how not doing our jobs has brought us Americans low, click here.
To see how modern politics has come to resemble the Game of Thrones, click here.
For a discussion of the waste of energy and fossil fuels caused by unneeded long-range batteries in electric cars, click here.
For a discussion why Democrats should embrace the long campaign season and make no premature moves, click here.
For a discussion how Trump and Brexit have put the tree world into free fall, click here.
For a review of how our own American acts help create our president’s claimed “invasion” of Central American migrants, click here.
For a review of basic facts that must inform any type of universal health insurance, click here.
For a discussion of how the West’s fall and China’s rise affect the chances of our species’ survival, click here.
For a discussion of what the Mueller Report is and how its release could affect American politics, click here.
For a note on the Mueller Report as the beginning of a process, click here.
For comment on the special candidacies of Beto O’Rourke and Pete Buttigieg, click here.
For reasons why the twin 737 Max 8 disasters should inspire skepticism and caution with regard to potentially lethal uses of software and AI, click here.
For my message to Southwest Airlines on grounding the 737 Maxes, click here.
For an example of even the New York Times spewing propaganda, click here.
For means by which high-school teachers could help save American democracy, click here.
For a modern team of rivals that might comprise a dream Cabinet in 2021, click here.
For an analysis of the global decline of rules-based civilization, click here.
For a brief note on avoiding health lobbying Armageddon, click here.
For analysis of how to save real news and America’s ability to see straight, click here.
For an update on how Zuckerberg scams advertisers, click here.
For analysis of how Facebook scams voters and society, click here.
For the consequences of Trump’s manufactured border emergency, click here.
For a brief note on Colin Kaepernick’s good work and settlement with the NFL, click here.
For an outline of universal health insurance without coercion, disruption of satisfactory private insurance, or a trace of “socialism,” click here.
For analysis of the Virginia blackface debacle, click here.
For an update on how Twitter subverts politics, click here.
For analysis of women’s chances to take the presidency in 2020, click here.
For brief comment on Trump’s State of the Union Speech and Stacey Abrams’ response for the Dems, click here.
For reasons why the Huawei affair requires diplomacy, not criminal prosecution, click here.
For how Speaker Pelosi has become a new sheriff in town, click here.
For how Trump’s misrule could kill your kids, click here.
For comment on MLK Day 2019 and the structural legacies of slavery, click here.
For reasons why the partial government shutdown helps Dems the longer it lasts, click here.
For a discussion of how our national openness hurts us and what we really need from China, click here.
For a brief explanation of how badly both Trump and his opposition are failing at “the art of the deal,” click here.
For a deep dive into how Apple tries to thwart Google’s capture of the web-browser market, click here.
For a review of Speaker Pelosi’s superb qualifications to lead the Democratic Party, click here.
For reasons why natural-gas and electric cars are essential to national security, click here.
For additional reasons, click here.
For the source of Facebook’s discontents and how to save democracy from it, click here.
For Democrats’ core values, click here.
The Last Adult is Leaving the White House. Who will Shut Off the Lights?
For how our two parties lost their souls, click here.
For the dire portent of Putin’s high-fiving the Saudi Crown Prince, click here.
For updated advice on how to drive on the Sun’s power alone, or without fossil fuels, click here.
For a 2018 Thanksgiving Message, click here.
Links to Posts since January 23, 2017
Who’s Emperor Now?
The Generational Seesaw [from Greatest to Boomers]
A National Nightmare (A So-Far Fictional Future History)
Dog-Day Wish: A New Manhattan Project for Safe Nuclear Energy
Why Buttigieg?
The Anticlimactic Second Democratic Debate in Detroit
A Morning-After View [of the Dems’ first Detroit debate]
Endnote: CNN and the ongoing privatization of American democracy
The Dems Come Back Hard! [in their first Detroit debate]
Digital Unions
Fixing America: Adjust It, Don’t Burn It
Ross Perot’s Lessons for Pols and Tom Steyer
Only Five [non-Democrats voting for censure]
Refusing to Watch the Show
Reparations: Why, to Whom, How Much and for How Long?
Three Things the Dems Must Do to Win
The Dems Shoot Themselves in their Feet
Why Current Multi-Candidate “Debates” Suck
Toward Better Debates
The First Democratic Debate [of 2019]
Third-Guessing 2016
Seven Reasons not to Make War on Iran
Elizabeth Warren, Defender of Science
The Quality of Her Mind
Responsibility and Foreboding
In Memoriam: June 4, 1989
Infrastructure
Why Pelosi is Right
Roe, Roe, Roe your Boat . . .
The Huawei Tech Block: the NYT and the Trump Administration Get it Wrong
Ten Practical Reasons to Dump Oil as an Energy Source for Ground Transportation
Competition and Cooperation with China
Chaos is not a Plan
Make Plans, not War
Elizabeth Warren, Woman with a Plan
Not Doing Your Job
The Real Game of Thrones
Big “Gas Tanks” for Electrons
[Democrats, bide your time and] Don’t Eat Your Young (or Your Old)!
Free Fall [of the US under Trump and the UK under Brexit]
Why an “Invasion” from “The Triangle”?
Universal Health Insurance: Nine Points of Common Sense
Has the West Had It?
What Is the Mueller Report?
The Mueller Report: A Beginning, not an End
Could it Be Beto or Pete?
Software is Nonlinear: An Elegy for 346 Air Victims
The 737 Max Disasters
The New York Times Spews Propaganda, Too
How High-School Teachers Could Help Save American Democracy
A Modern Team of Rivals
The Decline of Rules-Based Civilization
Avoiding Health Lobbying Armageddon
Saving Real News
UPDATE: [Zuckerberg’s] Scam’s Other Dimension
Zuckerberg’s Scam
Crossing the Line [between constitutional democracy and dictatorship]
Colin Kaepernick’s Good Work
Universal Health Insurance: Medicare for All Who Want It
How Purity Subverts Strategy
Endnote: The Temptation of Twitter
Trump’s SOTU Speech and the Response
Who Can Beat Trump?
Why the Huawei Indictment is a Big, Big Deal
A New Sheriff in Town [Speaker Pelosi]
How Trump could Kill Your Kids
MLK Day 2019
The Downsides of Openness [and what we really ought ask of China]
Why the President and Congress Can’t “Get to Yes”
Mac Browser Wars: A Letter from the Front Lines
Experience and Speaker Pelosi
Why Natural-Gas and Electric Cars are Vital for our National Security
The “TMI Effect” and How to Save Democracy from Facebook
The Last Adult is Leaving the White House. Who will Shut Off the Lights?
What Makes a Democrat?
How Our Two Parties Lost their Souls
The Fate of Man [after Putin High-Fived MBS]
Sun-Powered Driving
Thanksgiving Message 2018
How Advocates are Destroying Global Society, with Facebook in Front
A Last Word to the Young [about the midterms]
You Can Help End Our Civil War [by your vote in the midterms]
How to Avoid Being Duped and Stay Sane
Apple: Please Spin Off OS X (An Open Letter to Tim Cook)
How I Voted and Why
Rampage of the Mind-Rapists
The Sham “Investigation”
Sixteen Reasons to Vote This Time for Democrats Only
The GOP’s Fork re Kavanaugh
Coda: Why and for Whom it’s Personal Now
How Important is Kavanaugh’s Alleged Attempted Rape?
President Obama: Hope versus Fear
The End [of Trumpism] Seems Nigh
A Time of Testing
Does Henry Ford Yet Live? Trump’s Deal with Mexico
John McCain: A Man of Honor
Stacey Abrams
Other Good Candidates and Causes
From the “I told you so!” Department: NYT Confirms How Primitive So-Called “AI” is Now
Twitter and Impulse Control
America’s Awakening
Danger, Men in Charge
Donation Crunch Time: the Geezers versus the Oligarchs
Two Under-Appreciated Threats to Modern Life [Dark money transfers and untraceable and undetectable assault weapons]
Waiting for the Crash
Reihan Salam
What Can CEOs Do?
Will America follow Ancient Rome Down History’s Drain?
A Post-Fourth Reprise [of the Trump and Obama Administrations]
Waging War With No Plan
Vote Character
North Korea Facts and Myth
Training New Voters II
Trump’s and Kim’s First Meeting
Trump and Kim, Stumbling toward Peace
Training New Voters
S.K.I.N and CRISPR: Two Ways Out of Stagflation
Voting Made Easy
¡Vive la France! [Emmanuel Macron’s speech before Congress]
How Dismal Is Economics Really?
The Race to 2043: Proving the American Idea
How American Capitalists Transferred Americans’ Jobs and Intellectual Property to China
Six Good Reasons to Delete Facebook
“AI” Hype
How Treasonous Fox Played Kim’s Game
Overkill [in nuclear weapons and guns]
Alpha-Male Rule
“Random”: the Rise and Fall of Facebook, Twitter and Perhaps American Society
The Dysfunctional States of America
Coda: Prayers and Condolences [versus gun control]
Majority Rule: What a Concept!
Do Good by Doing Well [Taking Profits]
Seven Reasons to Deploy Small Nukes
The Immigration “Fork”
Anticompetence and the Coming Crash
President Trump’s State of the Union Speech
Joe Kennedy’s Response
The Real Effect of Trump’s Solar-Panel Tariffs
NYT Buries Global Women’s March, Fox-Like
The New York Times Doubles Fox
Why Fox’ Propaganda is so Effective in the US
Hold that Image [of Trump’s racism]! Remember!
Effete Media II, or Why I Won’t (Yet) Subscribe to the New York Times
Happy MLK Day [2018]!
Effete Media
MAAA!
Treason, Dereliction of Duty, Common Law, and Common Sense
Pearl Harbor III
Ajit Pai: Taking Big Brother Private
The Fall of a Raging Bull [Roy Moore]
Inflation: Unanswered Questions
A Blue White House in 2020
A Progressive Manifesto
Seven Reasons Why Trump Could be Impeached and Removed Next Year
Why this White Geezer is Looking for Black and Brown Candidates to Support
Some Questions for Trump Voters
Emperor Trump, or Why Tillerson and the Generals Must Stay
America the Afraid
The Missing Element in a Progressive Revival: White Outrage
Black Protests, Hidden Reasons
Why the “Trump Bump” is Over
Plain Talk about Immigration
Avoiding War in North Korea
“Soft” Corruption Grips America
Gary Cohn and the Subtle Treachery of Self-Importance
A Tale of Two Wars
E Pluribus Unum
What Awaits Us: the “Prophecy” of Cause and Effect
North Korea: will we make a pre-emptive nuclear strike?
Ignorance and Incompetence: the Big Risks
How Business Schools Helped Ruin America, and What to do About it
Nero of our Time
The Free World’s Female Leader
Our Political AIDS Infection
How the Clintons Destroyed the Democratic Party
Lawless Life under “Corporate Governance”
An Open Letter to Registered Voters in Georgia’s Sixth Congressional District
Is Trump a Traitor?
The Other Mitch
Is the end nigh?
How to “investigate” and totally miss the point [of Putin’s intervention]
Trump’s “Threefer” [in firing Comey]
Killing the Brutes, not Millions of Innocents
Women versus Fox
Decaying Empire
Implications of Trump’s Syria Strike
The Internet’s Most Deadly Spawn: AI and “Weaponized,” Individualized Propaganda and Fake News
Government by Showmanship, Bumper Stickers, Tweets and Blame
Trump Two Months
Out
Health Insurance for Dummies
Warren 2020
Republican Labor Hypocrisy
General Michael Flynn: Truth Bats Last
Down Under
Who is Steve Bannon?
Trump as Magician-in-Chief
Contradictions [in Trump’s acts and policies]
How The Economist is Killing its Children
Trump’s inauguration
A GOP Takeover of PBS
MLK Day 2017
Grading Trump’s Presidency: Benchmarks
Blocking Jeff Sessions
Russia and our Policy toward it
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