Why "We" Just Might Win

“Our” victory over the Iraqi insurgency looks increasingly likely.  Of course it would be the Iraqi people’s victory, not ours.  That’s why the “our” is in quotes.  Yet with our continued help, victory over Iraq’s forces of darkness now looks possible.

The extermination of al-Zarqawi has both symbolic and strategic significance.  Like bin Laden, who remains at large, Zarqawi was a potent symbol for radical Muslims.  He showed the power of a single man against the machine.  With daring and cunning, he managed for years to elude the strongest and most politically sophisticated military force on Earth.

Leave aside his military tactics (unrestrained mayhem) and his lack of any political or social program to improve the lives of the Muslims whom he supposedly served.  For unemployed teenagers dreaming of glory, he evoked fantasies of individual power and revenge.  Of all people, we Americans should understand the force of his kind of story.  It is the same force that made legends of Jesse James and Billy the Kid.

Now Zarqawi is dead, ignominiously crushed under piles of rubble created by two 500-pound bombs.  Radical Muslims may call him a “martyr,” but for what?  Did he accomplish anything besides murdering hundreds of anonymous innocents?  Was he a pious man?  Was he holy?  Did he appeal to people’s better instincts, whether under Islam or any other source of moral inspiration?  As Muslims reflect on his legacy—-a pile of corpses and vicious sectarian hatred, nothing more—-many will look elsewhere for role models.

Zarqawi’s extermination is no less important strategically.  Having lived under a dictator for three decades, Iraqis became accustomed to resolving differences with bullets and bombs.  Yet they still know how to bargain.  Over the past year, a number of Sunni tribal sheiks sought to make deals.  Zarqawi stopped them by assassinating them.  Now that he is gone, the remaining sheiks will be less intimidated, and bargaining will resume.

The second reason why Zarqawi’s death is strategically important is that it undermines his chief tactics: indiscriminately killing innocent civilians and fomenting sectarian war.  Because those tactics make little military or political sense, every ethnic group will have at least a few people strongly opposed to them.  All it takes is one person with the outrage and guts to turn informer, and our superb military forces will do the rest.  Zarqawi’s death is an object lesson to like-minded thugs who think that Sunnis will support senseless, nihilistic tactics forever.

Although less certain, there is another reason why the operation against Zarqawi may have greater consequence than many now think.  Estimates of the number of “insurgents” in Iraq have ranged up to the tens of thousands.  But there are many kinds of insurgents.  Although no one really knows for sure, those directly involved in attacks against civilians and inter-sectarian violence are probably but a small fraction of that number.  If so, the intelligence gathered from Zarqawi’s hideout may have helped Coalition and Iraqi forces “roll up” a substantial fraction of the worst offenders.

When multiple, geographically dispersed attacks occur in a single day, Americans assume the existence of significant forces with widespread support.  But we forget how easy it is to create mayhem in a modern society.  The very event that brought us into the so-called “War on Terror” required only nineteen hijackers, with perhaps another dozen terrorists working behinds the scenes.  If so few people could wreak so much havoc in one of the most advanced societies on Earth, think what a few hundred could do in chaotic Iraq.  As thugs like Zarqawi continue to fall, we may be pleasantly surprised at how few of his ilk there really are.

Yet the strongest reason for long-term optimism is the new Iraqi government.  Its leaders and its actions are showing signs of great capability.

The first masterstroke was exchanging al-Maliki for al-Jaafari as premier.  What Iraq desperately needs now is fewer people able to recite the Koran, and more able to foresee, shape, and (when necessary) avoid political and social consequences.  Al-Jaafari fit the former description, al-Maliki the latter.  In the long run, the switch is probably the most encouraging determinant of Iraq’s future.

The second masterstroke was appointing a Sunni general—a former Baathist—as minister of defense.  He appears to be a courageous man of integrity, having stood up to Saddam when doing so risked sudden death.  His appointment has the obvious advantage of encouraging trust among Sunnis that the new national army will not be turned against them.

Yet the general’s appointment also has another, more subtle benefit.  By making an appointment based on experience, courage and integrity—not ethnicity—the Iraqi government has demonstrated the beginnings of a meritocracy.

Sunnis seem to consider themselves the natural rulers of Iraq.  Apparently they see themselves as smarter and more capable than Shiites.  Now they will have a chance to prove it, not by repression and violence, but by striving to make Iraq a better place to live for everyone.  The more the Iraqi government can convince wavering Sunnis that it is indeed a meritocracy, the more the best Sunnis will seek to join it rather than fight.

Other acts of the new Iraqi government are also encouraging.  Al-Maliki’s program of amnesty for insurgents may get many to lay down their arms.  So might his government’s ongoing talks with Sunni leaders.  All that remains to cement a government of national unity is the will and the ability to disarm the Shiite militias.  Doing so will take both physical and political courage, because the Shiite militias are an important part of al-Maliki’s Shiite political majority.  Yet if he can do the job as promised, the new Iraqi government may succeed visibly, and sooner than anyone now expects.

So, for the first time since Saddam’s statue fell, there is cause for real optimism in Iraq.  Despite our awful bungling, the experiment in building democracy may yet succeed.

If it does, credit should go to Ambassador Khalilzad and our superbly professional military, which will have snatched victory from the jaws of defeat.  Rumsfeld and the rest of our hapless civilian leadership, whose incompetence opened those jaws so wide, ought to keep their heads low.

Even now, the President’s constant pronouncements are counterproductive.  Slogans like “stay the course,” “don’t cut and run,” and “America keeps its word” may play well before Republican audiences at home, but to Iraqi ears they sound a lot like “we’ll be here a long time.”  The last thing our government needs to do now is convince a single Iraqi—-let alone a Sunni—-that we have long-term designs in Iraq.

John Kerry’s pronouncements are better, but not much.  His attempt to set a withdrawal deadline of July 2007 may be helpful in convincing some Iraqis that we mean to go.  But that deadline is substantively meaningless.  If events continue at their present pace, the Iraqi government’s success or failure will be self-evident long before then.  If Iraqi leaders as good as the present ones can’t make a go of it in another whole year, the cause will be lost irretrievably.

The best thing our government and military can do in the interim is keep a low public profile.  We will need air power and elite troops to take out intransigents that informers identify.  We must continue to supply training and equipment.  Our advice, both political and military, may be useful but should be given privately.  Unless absolutely essential, our regular troops should be kept in reserve, out of harm’s way.

At this point, we must recognize that Iraq’s fate is largely in Iraqis’ hands.  The Iraqi government seems increasingly smart, confident, and capable of doing the job.  We might recognize that reality by drawing down some nonessential forces.  Now would be a good time to start, when the gesture might aid both national reconciliation in Iraq and political reconciliation here at home.

The Turning Point?

When historians look back at the modern history of Iraq, they will probably see Thursday, June 8, 2006, as the turning point.

Al-Zarqawi’s extermination was not the only event of the day.  Prime Minister al-Maliki at last secured majority approval of his candidates for the two most contentious ministerial posts, defense and interior.  With that single, vital step, he made a sovereign, self-governing Iraq a reality.  For the first time in over three decades, Iraq has a complete government-—a Prime Minister, a Parliament, and a full set of ministers-—that reflects the will of the Iraqi people.  Not only that: al-Maliki’s last, crucial appointments were good ones.

Any one of these events would have been good news.  Together, they are cause for hoping that the ambitious goal of our foreign policy can be achieved.  We may yet see a stable, democratic, and prosperous Iraq that does not sponsor international terrorism.

The slaughter of innocents continues.  That’s why so many commentators were cautious.  But al-Zarqawi is dead.  Equally monstrous underlings may survive him, but none has his stature and notoriety.  Now and for the immediate future a single figure bestrides the stage of Iraq: al-Maliki.  All eyes are on him, and the war is his to win or lose.

The evidence suggests that al-Maliki knows how to win.  Just a short time ago, he promised to use an “iron fist” to crush perpetrators of ethnic violence, including Shiite militias.  Without ministers of defense and interior acceptable to all three ethnic groups, that promise seemed an empty threat.  Now, with Zarqawi dead and two tough, practical ministers presiding over the Iraqi military and police, no one can ignore it.

Like al-Maliki himself, the new ministers of defense and interior are no-nonsense, practical men.  The defense minister is a former general in Saddam’s army, a Sunni, who resigned over the invasion of Kuwait.

Think about that.  This guy resigned from a regime in which disagreeing with Saddam in a cabinet meeting could get your brains blown out on the spot.  No one is going to intimidate him.  Courage and integrity are no doubt the reasons why he, a Sunni, could command enough votes from Shia and Kurds to receive the approval that has eluded al-Maliki for months.

The new interior ministry is an engineer, a man whose training necessarily puts practical consequences over ideology.  We don’t yet know the extent of his military or police experience, but most commentators have praised his appointment as a good choice.  The bare fact that he could command approval from the Iraqi Parliament, in a time so rife with suspicion and fear, speaks volumes.

If the last few months have been discouraging and terrifying to us Americans, think how they tormented Iraqis.  Iraqis looked into the abyss.  They saw the future that Zarqawi promised: death, destruction and tyranny.  Tribal sheiks turned against him, and some were assassinated.  Eventually, even those close to him began to turn on him.  An informer set him up, and now he is dead.

As for Iraqi soldiers and police, they signed up in droves over the past year or so, despite the risk of being assassinated before ever completing their training.  They hardly risked their lives for the opportunity to slaughter rival ethnic groups.  They, too, saw the abyss, and many gave their lives to avoid it.

Iraqis, after all, are human.  They yearn for peace and security.  The man who symbolized hatred, death and destruction has met his well-deserved end.  Now Iraq has a duly elected government, headed by smart, tough, practical, media-savvy men with courage and integrity.

The road ahead will not be easy.  But there appear to be as many Iraqis willing to risk their lives to stop the killing as to promote it.  The courageous souls include sheikhs, Iraqi army and police recruits, and the man who turned Zarqawi in.

This Thursday gave them three victories: Zarqawi’s death, a complete sovereign government, and good choices for two key ministries.  The darkest hour is often just before dawn.  As al-Maliki's iron fist descends on purveyors of ethnic mayhem, aided by countless Iraqis who love life more than revenge and death, the sun will begin to rise again over Iraq.